

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The Suriname creole languages
المؤلف:
Norval Smith and Vinije Haabo
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
526-31
2024-04-13
1308
The Suriname creole languages
Let us now turn to a consideration of the phonologies of the three Surinamese creole languages we will deal with here. The first is Sranan, the former language of the coastal plantations, and of the capital, Paramaribo. The second is Ndyuka, which we may take to be descended from an 18th century plantation variety of Sranan. The speakers of Ndyuka descend from maroons (escapees) from the coastal plantations. The third language is Saramaccan, which has a more complex history. This is also a maroon language, but one spoken largely by the descendants of slaves who escaped from the Jewish-owned plantations on the middle Suriname River. In the late 17th and early 18th century there was a concentration of Jewish-owned plantations in this area, with as its mini-capital the settlement of Joden-Savannah (‘Jews’ Savanna’).
The origin of this Jewish population is the subject of controversy (cf. Arends 1999; Smith 1999a), but we will adhere here to the scenario sketched by Smith that the Jews hailed indirectly from Brazil, and that they brought Portuguese-speaking slaves with them, who influenced the local Sranan to the extent that some 300 English-derived forms were replaced by Portuguese Creole forms, giving rise to a new creole language that was to some extent mixed in vocabulary. This was the precursor of Saramaccan.
There are other creole languages/dialects spoken in Suriname, but these do not differ to any large degree from the three we will be dealing with. Closely related to Ndyuka are Aluku, Paramaccan and Kwinti, while Matawai resembles Saramaccan.
We exclude from consideration here any word whose source is not clearly English. As the Netherlands was the colonial power for over 300 years there are a number of forms whose origin could be either Dutch or English. We will not go into any detail on why we consider a particular form to be of English origin.
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