Though English restructured varieties are common on these islands today, they all share a joint Francophone/Anglophone history. That is, before the 19th century these islands were all once controlled by the French, and consequently, in most locations, there are speakers of earlier French-derived creoles that predate the emergence of later English-derived restructured varieties. Dominica has two English-derived creoles that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries: one is an intermediate variety that emerged locally and the other is a deep creole called Kokoy that is related to immigrants from Antigua and Montserrat who arrived to work on fruit plantations in the post-emancipation setting. Carriacou Creole English emerged largely in the late 18th and 19th centuries, according to Kephart (2003). St. Lucian Vernacular English, which Garrett (2003) insists is not a creole, emerged in the late 19th and 20th centuries in largely educational institutional contexts. There is not much linguistic information on English-derived varieties spoken on St. Vincent and the Grenadines as well as on Grenada, but these areas seem to be largely Anglophone today. Francophone varieties that were once spoken widely on these islands appear to be disappearing.

In regards to phonology, none of the Anglophone Windward islands have been linguistically documented to any significant degree. In Dominica, Kokoy speakers exhibit voiceless labio-dental fricatives, i.e. [f], in onsets that correspond to voiceless interdental fricatives in metropolitan varieties, i.e. /θ/ and /t/ in other Caribbean Englishes. For example, the words three and thing are often realized as /fri:/ and /fɪŋ/ respectively in this Creole language variety. St. Vincent and Grenada lack a contrast between by and boy. Both locations lack /ə/ , /Λ/ and the post-vocalic /r/ found in Bajan.

Kephart (2003) offers a brief presentation of Carriacou phonology. Carriacou Creole English has a basic seven-vowel system, which marks it as quite different from other creoles, especially Jamaican. To find a similar system in the Caribbean we have to go to Dominica, which also contains an earlier variety of Creole French similar to that found in Carriacou. Kephart believes that, among the Atlantic English-derived Creoles, the Suriname creoles probably come closest to the Carriacou Creole English system. In both systems, the only tense/lax contrast is in the mid vowels. Another phonological feature that distinguishes this variety of Creole English is the presence of nasal vowels. These vowels occur in words that Carriacou Creole English shares with Carriacou Creole French, e.g. [sukuyã] vampire,  boa constrictor,  biased, [gwãgozhei] brown pelican. Kephart insists that speakers pronounce these words with the nasalization intact; that is, these nasalized vowels do not correspond to a vowel plus nasal consonant, even in word-final position.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

مجموعة مناحل الكفيل تختتم مشاركتها في معرض السليمانية الدولي للزراعة والصناعات الغذائية

لتوثيق التراث العلمي.. وفد قسم شؤون المعارف يلتقي عددًا من أعلام مدينة النجف

قسم الشؤون الفكرية ومؤسسة الشهداء يبحثان سبل تعزيز التعاون في برامج الذاكرة الوطنية

المجمع العلمي يقيم دورته التطويرية الثالثة لإعداد أساتذة الدورات الصيفية في صلاح الدين

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

طبيب يكشف تأثير برودة الشتاء على النوم

دون أن تعلم.. 10 عادات يومية تسرع شيخوخة جسمك

تقرير: النيكوتين خطر على القلب مهما كانت الطريقة

أيهما أفضل لصحتك.. زبدة الفول السوداني أم النوتيلا؟

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

السعودية تدشن أكبر نظام لتخزين الكهرباء بالبطاريات في العالم !

بأمر تنفيذي.. ترامب يؤكد هدف عودة الأميركيين إلى القمر في عام 2028

بعيدا عن البشر.. "قتال جوي في الفضاء" بين أميركا والصين

كشف مذهل في قاع "برمودا" !

المزيد