

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Vowel distribution
المؤلف:
Otto Santa Ana and Robert Bayley
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
420-25
2024-04-03
1471
Vowel distribution
The typical native Spanish-speaking ELL has difficulty distinguishing the so-called tense and lax vowel subsystems. In contrast, ChcE speakers resolve all such interlanguage mergers. They sustain the /i/ and /ɪ/ distinction. Still, some ChcE speakers pronounce the high vowel variably as from [ɪ] to [i], especially in the suffix, -ing (Fought 2003: 65).
Santa Ana’s (1991) spectrographic study found the typical tense/lax front vowel distribution, in terms of F1/F2 parameters, among four native English-speaking Chicanos. Their front tense vowels had a dense narrow distribution in vowel space, while the corresponding distribution of their front lax /ɪ, ε/ vowels created a more diffuse, less peripheral cloud in vowel space.
The ChcE /æ/ patterns with low vowels, rather than front vowels, as is the case for other U.S. English dialects. Thus, /æ/ has greater F1 range than F2 (front/back). The distribution of this vowel creates a narrow cloud that is elongated along the height parameter. For this reason, ChcE appears to be participating in the General California English æ-raising process (Fought 2003, but cf. Veatch 1991). In addition, the ChcE articulation of the AmE low back vowel, /ɥ/ , as in mom or caught, is often a Spanish [a], as in talk, daughter and law (Fought 2003).
A spectrographic study of four native speakers indicates that the nucleus of the high back vowel, /u/, is either fronted or fronting (Santa Ana 1991). The distribution cloud of /u/ extends across the upper top of the vowel space, from the back to an intermediate front of the /i/ cloud. There is little overlap with the front vowel distribution clouds; the /u/ distribution is higher than the mid-front vowel cloud.
While Santa Ana (1991) finds much less /ʊ/ fronting than u-fronting in the speech of the Los Angeles Chicano men he instrumentally plotted, Fought (2003) states that ChcE /ʊ/ is realized at times as a high rounded
, while at other times it is an unrounded fronted /ɨ/, as in look or looking.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)