

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
African American Vernacular English: phonology Discussion
المؤلف:
Walter F. Edwards
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
391-22
2024-03-30
1545
African American Vernacular English: phonology Discussion
As we saw, AAVE shares a basic sound system with most varieties of English. However, the rules for the combining of these sounds differ in notable ways. In fact, phonological markers of AAVE are noticeable features to the ears of those who speak other English varieties.
Historically, vowel systems of English have been known to systematically shift, with a whole chain of vowels moving uniformly in one direction or other in vowel space. Recent research by William Labov and his associates has shown that there are two major ongoing chain shifts affecting the vowels in American speech: the Southern Shift and the Northern Cities Chain Shift (Labov 1994). However this same research has proposed that African Americans are not participating in these chain shifts. This proposal is supported by several studies. For example, recent research conducted in Detroit by the author of this entry revealed that most AAVE speakers in the sample had vowel pronunciations quite different from what would be expected if they were participating in the Northern Cities Chain Shift. For instance, he observed [diɪd] for [dɪd] for [gɪt] for [gεt] for [kiɪdz] for [kɪds],[wiɪn] for [wɪn] and [nɪks] for [nεks]. These patterns indicate that the lax front vowels of the AAVE speakers in the sample were raised and tense, contrary to NCCS patterns that involve the lowering of [ɪ] and [ε].
Another interesting characteristic of the AAVE phonology is the nasalization of vowels in words such as [mãn] (for man). Nasal vowels in these environments are reminiscent of the fact that vowel nasality is phonemic in a number of African languages.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)