

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Suprasegmental structure
المؤلف:
David Odden
المصدر:
Introducing Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
313-9
14-4-2022
1573
Suprasegmental structure
Another aspect of nonlinear representational theory is the claim that there are phonologically significant structures above the level of the segment, i.e. units that encompass multiple segments. Such structures are referred to as “prosodic,” a term which refers to poetic meter, rhythm, and singing, which are aspects of language use that involve “how strings of segments are performed.” The best-known unit of prosody is the traditional concept of the syllable. The term itself is one of the oldest in linguistics, originating from Ancient Greek sullabe, but the nature of the syllable and arguments for it have been elusive. At various points in contemporary linguistics, scholars have rejected or embraced the syllable, and the syllable was not part of standard generative phonological theory, until 1976 when Kahn produced strong arguments for it within autosegmental theory.
The intuitive concept of “syllable” is not particularly difficult to understand: it is a string of segments which centers around one or more vowels, and includes some consonants to the left and to the right. The problem resides in justifying the addition of this concept to our arsenal of analytical devices. In segmental representations, there are audible consequences of features; for example you can hear voicing, nasality, and glottalization on segments, even though relating features to phonetic properties is difficult. The problem of the syllable is that it has no audible defining property, thus it cannot be justified as a prima facie transcriptional fact: no amount of ear training will enable you to “hear” how many syllables there are in a word of the form [CVVVVC] in some unfamiliar language, and in [VCCCCV] you cannot “hear” where one syllable begins and the other ends. The evidence for the syllable is indirect, in that grouping sequences of segments into a unit can lead to a simpler account of certain phonological processes, in numerous languages.
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